Mgonjwa anakunywa dawa. Mama anapika. Babu anafikiri. Section B: Present Tense Negation When negating a simple present tense sentence, we need to negate the Personal Subject Prefix, the present tense marker and the verb. We then delete the present tense marker -na-. Since the present tense marker is deleted, the Negative Personal Subject Prefix is directly attached to the negated verb.
Negated Arabic Verbs The negation of present tense sentences containing Arabic verbs is done in the same way as sentences containing verbs of Bantu origin, except that Arabic verbs retain their last vowel in their negated verb i.
Examples: Ninarudi. Present and Future Tenses and Their Negations 41 Negated Monosyllabic Verbs The negation of present tense sentences containing Monosyllabic verbs is also done in the same way as sentences containing regular Bantu verbs, except that Monosyllabic verbs drop their infinitive ku- in their negated form. Also note that the last vowel of Monosyllabic verbs change to i as seen in other negated Bantu verbs. Examples: Ninakula. Practice Exercise B Translate the following into English.
Hakubali kwenda Kenya. Hawali samaki. Daktari haji. Mama harudi leo. Mtoto hafikiri. Msichana hali samaki. Sisomi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Toronto.
Section C: The Future Tense The future tense is used to show an action that will take place in the future. As mentioned previously, the future tense is expressed by the tense marker -ta-. Sentences using future tense markers are constructed in the following manner. The important thing to notice here is that in all these sentences, -ta- is the future tense marker and it does not change. In the future tense, verbs of Bantu origin and Arabic verbs follow the same rules in affirmative sentences.
Monosyllabic verbs retain their infinitive marker ku- in sentences using future tense markers. Practice Exercise C Translate the following sentences into English. Mtasoma barua. Tutaruka katika ndege. Atapenda zawadi. Utaishi Kanada. Present and Future Tenses and Their Negations 43 Watu watakuja katika duka. Mgonjwa atakufa. Kaka atanunua nguo. Mama atapika samaki. The future tense marker and each of the three categories of verbs remain the same.
We then attach it to the future tense marker - ta- to get sita-. Here are examples of negation of future tense sentences containing verbs of Arabic origin. Please note that the infinitive ku- is retained. Practice Exercise D Translate the following into English. Watoto hawatakunywa. Daktari hatakuja. Hutaenda katika soko. Mama hatarudi leo. Mtoto hatafikiri. Thomas hatakula samaki. Sitasoma leo. You pl. They are writing. We are flying. The people are coming. The patient is drinking medicine.
Mother is cooking. Grandfather is thinking. They are not drinking. They are not eating fish. The doctor is not coming. Mother is not returning today. The child is not thinking. The girl is not eating fish. I am not studying at the University of Toronto. They will write. We will fly in an airplane. People will come in the shop. The patient will die. Brother will buy clothes. Mother will cook fish. We will not understand.
The children will not drink. They will not die. The doctor will not come. Mother will not return today. The child will not think. Thomas will not eat fish. I will not study today. Chapter 6 Simple Past and Past Perfect Tenses and Their Negations I n this chapter, we will learn how to make simple sentences using verbs in the simple past tense and past perfect tense. The simple past tense marker is -li- and the past perfect tense marker is -me-.
As mentioned in Chapter 3, the Personal Subject Pre- fix comes before the first hyphen and the verb comes after the second hyphen STV rule. As mentioned previously, the simple past tense is expressed by the tense marker -li-.
Sentences using simple past tense markers are con- structed in the following manner. We then attach this to the simple past tense marker -li- and we get nili-. The important thing to notice here is that in all these sentences, -li- is the simple past tense marker and it does not change. In the simple past tense, verbs of Bantu origin and Arabic verbs follow the same rules in affirmative sentences. Monosyllabic verbs retain their infinitive marker ku- in sentences using simple past tense markers.
Mlisoma barua. Walipanda mazao. Alisikitika sana. Alipenda zawadi. Uliishi Ujerumani. Watu walikuja katika duka. Mgonjwa alipona. Alinunua baiskeli.
Mama alipika samaki. In simple past tense sentences, the Personal Subject Prefix is always negated by substi- tuting it with a Negative Personal Subject Prefix. The simple past tense marker is always negated by substituting it with the negative simple past tense marker which is -ku-. Bantu and Arabic verbs remain unchanged in their negated form; however, the infinitive marker ku- is dropped in negated Monosyllabic verbs. We then attach it to the negative simple past tense marker -ku- to get siku-.
Here are examples of negation of simple past tense sentences containing verbs of Arabic origin. Here are examples of negation of simple past tense sentences containing Monosyllabic verbs. Watoto hawakunywa. Daktari hakuja. Mama hakurudi leo. Mtoto hakufikiri. Thomas hakula nyama. Sikusoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Washington. Section C: The Past Perfect Tense The past perfect tense is used to show an action that took place in the past and the resulting state of that action still exists, or a simple present action which is complete.
The past perfect tense is expressed by the tense marker -me-. Sen- tences using past perfect tense markers are constructed in the following manner. We then attach this to the past perfect tense marker -me- and we get nime-. The important thing to notice here is that in all these sentences, -me- is the past perfect tense marker and it does not change. In the past perfect tense, verbs of Bantu origin and Arabic verbs follow the same rules in affirmative sentences.
Monosyllabic verbs retain their infinitive marker ku- in sentences using past perfect tense markers. Wahariri wamemaliza kazi.
Wamepanda nyanya. Amepoza chai. Mwalimu amechanganya kemikali. Umeishi Marekani. Watu wamekuja katika kiwanja cha michezo. Mgonjwa amekunywa dawa. Amenunua kompyuta. Bibi amepika mayai. In past perfect tense sentences, the Personal Subject Prefix is always ne- gated by substituting it with a Negative Personal Subject Prefix.
The past perfect tense marker is negated by substituting it with either the negative past perfect tense marker which is -ja- if the action could still take place, or the negative simple past tense marker -ku- if there is no possibility that the action could still take place. Bantu and Arabic verbs remain un- changed in their negated form; however, the infinitive marker ku- is dropped in negated Monosyllabic verbs. We then attach either the nega- tive past perfect tense marker -ja- to get sija- OR the negative simple past tense marker -ku- to get siku-.
Here are examples of negation of past perfect tense sentences containing verbs of Arabic origin. Here are examples of negation of past perfect tense sentences containing Monosyllabic verbs. Please note that the infinitive ku- is deleted.
Watoto hawakula. Balozi hajaja. Hujamaliza mtihani. Mama hajapika. Rafiki hajafika. Tatu hakula kuku. Sijasoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Toronto. They planted crops. We flew. People came in the shop. The patient was cured. Mother cooked fish. We did not understand. The children did not drink. They did not eat. The doctor did not come. Mother did not return today. The child did not think. Thomas did not eat meat. I did not study at University of Washington.
The editors have completed the work. They have planted tomatoes. The teacher has mixed the chemical s. People have come to the stadium. The patient has drunk taken the medicine. Grandmother has cooked eggs. They have not yet understood. The children did not eat. The ambassador has not yet come. Mother has not yet cooked. The friend has not yet arrived. Tatu did not eat chicken. I have not yet studied at University of Toronto.
His- torically, the division of nouns into noun classes in Swahili was based on how the East African people perceived the world. For instance, they grouped human beings into one class, animals into another class, sharp and elongated objects into another class and so on.
As time passed, the East African region came into increasing contact with the outside world initially due to trade expansion and later, colonialism. This contact caused the Swahili language to borrow new words from other languages such as English, German, Portuguese, Arabic, Hindi and so forth.
The increase in Swahili vocabulary brought about the need to revise and expand the noun classes. Currently, nouns are classified into 8 noun classes. Listed below are the names of the noun classes and a brief description of what they contain. We will learn more details about each noun class in the chapters to follow. It also contains mass nouns and collectives. N- class contains words borrowed from other languages, names of animals and relationship nouns, etc.
U- class contains household objects, names of countries, ab- stract nouns and qualities. PA- class contains locatives. KU- class contains verbal nouns. In this noun class, most nouns refer to human beings. It is important to remember that not all nouns referring to human beings are contained in this class.
Listed below are some examples: mtu — person watu — people mganga — doctor, shaman waganga — doctors, shamans mgeni — visitor, guest wageni — visitors, guests mgonjwa — sick person wagonjwa — sick people mpishi — chef wapishi — chefs mtoto — child watoto — children mtumishi — servant watumishi — servants mfanyakazi — worker wafanyakazi — workers mzee — old person wazee — old people Mzee is also used as a term of respect for someone older than you are.
These nouns refer to animals and insects in a general sense. They are: mdudu — insect wadudu — insects mnyama — animal wanyama — animals You will see in an upcoming chapter that the specific names of animals and insects are found in the N- class.
These nouns also take the agreement prefix wa- in the plural form. With these nouns, when the agreement prefix mw- in the singular form is removed, we remain with a stem noun that begins with a vowel. For example, in a noun such as mw- alimu teacher , when the agreement prefix mw- is removed, we remain with the stem noun -alimu meaning knowledge. When such a noun is pluralized, the plural contains two vowels occurring together i. Another example would be a noun such as mw-izi thief.
Here are more examples of nouns that begin with the agreement prefix mw- in the singular form and follow the merger rule. Here are some common compound nouns: mwanamke — woman wanawake — women mwanaume — man wanaume — men mwanasiasa — politician wanasiasa — politicians Since a compound noun is made of two nouns, when changing the compound noun into its plural form, we have to pluralize both of its two component nouns individually. When mwanamke is changed into plural, we have to pluralize both of its 2 component nouns, mwana and mke.
Mke is a regular noun whose prefix begins with m- in the singular form and changes to wa- in the plural form to become wake. Hence, mwanamke changes to become wanawake in the plural form. You will learn more about the N- Class in Chapter 9. However, they do not follow the merger rules explained above.
For example, the noun Mw-amerika American in the plural becomes Wa-amerika Americans. As you can see, the adjacent vowels remain together and are not merged into one vowel. Italians Russians Iranian Spanish people Nigerian This noun class contains mostly trees and plants. It also contains natural phenomena, some parts of the body and many other nouns which do not appear to have much in common with other nouns in this class. These nouns also take the agreement prefix mi- in the plural form.
Therefore, in order to deter- mine which agreement prefix the noun must take in the plural form, the meaning must be known. If the meaning is a descriptive of a human being, or the word for animal mnyama or insect mdudu the plural will begin with wa-, otherwise, the plural will begin with mi-. Waitali Warusi Mwirani Wahispania Mnijeria It also includes non- countable nouns, some abstract nouns, collectives and a special category of nouns called the augmentatives. You may also come across some nouns, which contain JI- in the singular form but contain an irregular plural prefix.
Other nouns in this class have no pre- fix in the singular form but contain MA- in the plural form. These nouns contain the prefix JI- in the singular form to which MA- is added in the plural form: jibu — answer majibu — answers jina — name majina — names jimbo — province majimbo — provinces 3. These nouns contain JI- in the singular form but contain irregular plural prefix: jino — tooth meno — teeth jiko — stove meko — stoves 4.
These nouns do not have a singular form. They only appear in the plural form and are denoted by the prefix MA maji — water maziwa — milk mafuta — oil matata — trouble Practice Exercise A Change the following nouns from singular to plural where applicable. They asked questions. The officers will come tomorrow. We will buy pineapples.
I want an egg. These concepts will be taught in Chapter Change the following occupation nouns from singular to plural. Waziri Jambazi Rubani Nabii A few nouns in this class refer to parts of the body and some animals.
This class is the easiest class in Swahili to use as far as singulars and plurals are concerned. Most nouns in this class have the prefix KI- in the singular form which changes to VI- in the plural form. A minority of nouns in this class have the prefix CH- in the singular form which changes to VY- in the plural form. These nouns contain the prefix CH- in the singular form which changes to VY- in the plural form: chombo — tool, utensil vyombo — tools, utensils chumba — room vyumba — rooms chakula — food vyakula — food choo — lavatory vyoo — lavatories Practice Exercise B Change the following nouns from plural to singular where applicable.
You will need matches. The barbers are cutting hair. We used a mosquito net over the bed. We arranged a meeting. This concept will be taught in Chapter Hindi Spanish Chinese Maasai language Waliuliza maswali.
Alipata matatizo. Maofisa watakuja kesho. Tutanunua mananasi. Ninataka yai. Majambazi Marubani Manabii Manesi Answers to Practice Exercise B Utahitaji vibiriti. Vinyozi wanakata nywele. Tulitumia chandarua juu ya kitanda. Alivunja kifundo. Tulipanga kikao. Kihindi Kihispania Kichina Kimaasai We will begin with the N- class. It also contains names of animals and rela- tionship nouns.
Due to the large number of borrowed words in Swahili, the N- class is the largest of all the noun classes. However, although the majority of borrowed words are contained in the N- class, some bor- rowed words can be found in other noun classes.
Nouns in the N- class are identical in both their singular and plural forms and therefore do not have singular or plural prefixes. The only way that singular and plural nouns are distinguished in this class is by the agreement that the noun takes with the subject prefix, object infix etc. Noun class agreements will be taught in future chapters. Here are a few categories of nouns that belong to the N- class: 1. Names of animals: simba — lion s twiga — giraffe s pundamilia — zebra s paka — cat s mbwa — dog s inzi — fly ies any sort samaki — fish farasi — horse s nguruwe — pig s 3.
Almost all nouns in this class have the letter U- as a prefix when in singular form however a few nouns begin with the letter W- in the singular form. Here are a few categories of nouns which belong to the U- Class: 1. Since they are abstract nouns, they do not have a plural form.
Uncountable nouns: ugali — corn meal porridge ubongo — brain matter uboho — bone marrow wali — rice umeme — electricity 3. Nouns which have plural forms: Nouns in this category have different ways of forming their plurals as listed below.
Example: ulimi — tongue ndimi — tongues Practice Exercise B Change the following nouns from singular to plural. Urusi N- class 3. N- class 5. N- class 6. N- class N- class Answers to Practice Exercise B In addition, the subject prefix agreement for all Swahili noun classes will be taught. Location in Swahili takes three types of agreements depending on the type of location. In Swahili, it is very simple to translate phrases containing information about a location.
You simply add the locative suffix -ni at the end of the noun. An infinitive can be used as a verb complement in a sentence verbal infinitive or as the subject of a sentence verbal noun. A gerund is a verb form that ends in -ing. A gerund carries the same meaning as a present tense participle or can be used as the subject of a sentence verbal noun. Below are some ex- amples: Infinitive - Verbal Infinitive Ninapenda kusoma. Gerund - Present tense participle Ninapenda kusoma. Gerund - Verbal Noun Kusoma ni kuzuri.
Verbal nouns are nouns in the KU- Class and take agreements ac- cording to this class. This will be taught in the following section. Although the negation of the KU- Class is rarely used, infinitives or gerunds in the KU- Class are negated by inserting the infix -to- between the infinitive ku- marker and the verb. Please note that Mono- syllabic verbs retain their ku- infinitive marker when negated. We finished swimming. Cheating is not good. They want not to bargain Section C: Subject Prefix Agreement In this section, we will learn how the noun classes taught previously are used in a sentence.
In Swahili, the noun dominates the sentence and when used with a verb, the Subject Prefix has to agree with the noun. We will be focusing on the remaining noun classes in this section. Miti ilianguka. Yai halinuki. Mayai hayanuki. Kitabu kimeanguka. Vitabu vimeanguka. Pete inameremeta. Pete zinameremeta. Ukuta hautasimama.
Kuta hazitasimama. Mahali pananuka. Mahali kunanuka. Mahali mnanuka. Kuandika kuzuri. As you can see from Table Exceptions to this rule will be taught in Chapter Daktari atafika. Madaktari watafika.
Simba hajalala. Simba hawajalala. Kipofu atakula. Vipofu watakula. Also, note that all countries take agreement with the singular N- class even though some of them exist in the U- Class. As you can see in the example below the Subject Prefix is i- which is for the singular N- class, even though the word Urusi belongs in the U- class.
Urusi imeendelea. For example: Itanukia. Practice Exercise C Change the following singular sentences into plural when applicable. Ndoo imejaa maji. Mti unanukia. Gari halitasimama. Ndege anaruka. Mahali pameanguka. Kipofu anajenga nyumba. Kitanda kimesimama. Kucheka ni kubaya.
Mwanafunzi alimwaga mafuta. Ndoo zimejaa maji. Rely on Teach Yourself, trusted by language learners for over 75 years. It draws on an extraordinarily large qualitative study affiliated with a randomized controlled trial in Tanzania. The grammar of the language is well and clearly described. Each chapter is enriched with exercises and practice sections. The book will be very useful to Kiswahili learners at home and, more specifically, to learners in Kenya and Tanzania that need a full course in a single and clear book.
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This handy book is a beginner's complete course in the Swahili language, designed especially for foreigners. The book is a result of the author's many years of teaching experience. It is divided into two parts: part one covers pronunciation; Swahili greetings and manners; classification of nouns; adjectives, verbs, adverbs, etc. The final chapter is a synthesis describing the linguistic and historical relationship of the Sabaki dialects to each other and to hypothetical proto-stages.
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The data and analyses presented in this book are indispensable for linguists and psychologists interested in the acquisition of inflectional material and other cross-linguistic properties of child language. History is a testament to what happened to a people or a place. It shows how things were and their transformation while explaining why the changes happened.
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Besides assisting in communication, travelers will find useful tips for making oneself understood on public transport and dozens of other helpful and accessible hints. The Swahili words for the first ten numbers are introduced together with information on East African culture. Skip to content. Simplified Swahili. Author : P. Simplified Swahili Book Review:. Swahili Grammar and Workbook. Swahili Grammar and Workbook Book Review:. Author : Thomas J. Hinnebusch,Sarah M. Colloquial Swahili.
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